The Dark Matter with similar characteristics to the Water Crystals.
Author; Rogelio perez casadiego
This article makes an association
of the dark matter with crystals of water, which have similar characteristics,
such as invisibility, the lens effect and the anisotropy in the universe, in
addition to presenting some similarities between the way that it verified the
theory of the relativity by an eclipse, with the atmosphere of for way, and optical effect
produced by the water crystals in the atmosphere, which show that the optical
effect that present water crystals, and its possible association with the
gravitational lens effect with which we are familiar with the dark matter,
could not be a coincidence of nature, but a double explanation of the same
optical effect produced by the water crystals.
According to this we can say, that when in a new theory of nature, if taken borrowed the formulas math, or are equal to phenomena already known, it will end up being a double explanation of the same physical phenomenon.
Keywords;
Dark matter, water crystals,
Introduction;
This
theory presents an association to one of the biggest mysteries of the universe
known as the dark matter and the water crystals. In 1933 Fritz by Zwicky was
the first to suggest the presence of invisible matter in the galaxies, following
their observations in the Mount Wilson Observatory seven of them in the Coma
cluster, but hardly convince his colleagues about the importance of his
discovery, which will be forgotten by almost forty years[i].
Dark
Matter: this is the name that has been designated to everything that
astronomers cannot see or detect directly, but that becomes evident through its
gravitational pull on other celestial bodies[ii].
In
astrophysics and cosmology physics is called dark matter to the hypothetical
matter that does not emit enough electromagnetic radiation to be detected with
current technical means, but whose existence can be deduced from the
gravitational effects it causes in visible matter, such as the stars or
galaxies, as well as in the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background
present in the universe[iii].
There are also some
ideas about what dark matter could be, called, Wimps and Axions, first there
are several experiments without being able to find them, and the second
(axions) the theory that predicts the existence of this particle in practice is
not met. “The Dirac-mass chaos eventually destroys the exotic surface state,”
magnetic monopoles or of axions.[iv]
But it was Einstein
who introduced his general theory of relativity in the year 1915. Describes how
any object with mass generates gravity,and the gravitational field cause a curvature of space-time. In a similar
way, also the light of distant stars should be deflected by the sun. And the
May 29 1919 the astronomer Sir Arthur Eddington decided to carry out
expeditions to Brazil and Africa to observe the total eclipse, which
dramatically confirmed the general theory of relativity of Albert Einstein. Two
British expeditions observed, during a solar eclipse, that the gravity of the
Sun bends the light of the stars that are behind, as Einstein predicted. For
this reason they appear to be displaced in the sky[v].
And although the day
of the eclipse, thick clouds they covered the sky on Prince, that only a few
minutes before the celestial spectacle liberated the sight to the Sun, in the
end the target is achieved[vi].
"This first
practical confirmation of the General theory of relativity caused waves of
shock in scientific elestablishment", said Pedro Ferreira of the
University of Oxford.
This effect, called a
gravitational lens, became one of our most powerful tools for the study of the
universe, stressed Richard Massey at the University of Edinburgh, member of the
expedition of Ferreira[vii].
Example;
But when Sir Arthur
Eddington presented their results, only one more person, apart from Eddington,
saw all the photos. This person was C. L. Poor[viii],
Here are a couple
quotes from summary of Poor: "The mathematical formula, with which
Einstein calculated the deflection of the sun's ray’s interns on the edge of
the sun, is a well-known formula of optics[ix]".
"None of the
main concepts of variety of time, or curved space time, simultaneity or the
relativity of motion are not in any way related to the suggestions of Einstein
of the bending of light"
"Many
expeditions related to solar eclipses were put in a dummy range. Their results
can neither break down nor confirm the theory of relativity”.
What are the
crystals? Comes from the Greek word krystallos.
Initially the name was coming of "kryos" that means cold,,
alluding to the formation of the ice from water. Later the name change in
connotation referring rather to the transparency, by what the Greeks gave the
name "krystallos" quartz, initially believing that it was a variety
of ice that is not licuaba to ambient temperature[x].
The crystals are
formed in the atmosphere, when the hot air that contains water vapor rises. The
temperature of the atmosphere decreases an average of 0.6 °C per 100 m. Upon
arrival in colder areas the water vapor condenses to form clouds (of water
droplets or ice crystals)[xi].
Halos can be seen all the year round from the tropics to the poles. Ice
crystals in cirrus clouds produce them. The clouds are 3 - 6 miles (5
to 10 km) high and are always cold regardless of their location. Halos are the
collective glints of millions of crystals. Regardless of their overall
proportions, all ice crystals have identical interfacial
angles. It is this constancy which gives regular and predictable halos[xii].
Why are the crystal angles always the same? The constancy comes from a
deeper order at a molecular scale. In ice, individual water molecules are
linked together and arranged in a regular lattice. This submicroscopic order
and symmetry gives us the halo forms and symmetries of the skies[xiii]
A material is a
crystal if you have essentially a diffraction pattern sharp. The word essentially means that the
greater part of the intensity of the diffraction is concentrated in relatively
sharp Bragg peaks, in addition to the always-present the diffuse scattering. In
all cases, the positions of the diffraction peaks can be expressed by;
The crystalline state
of matter is the higher-order, that is, the one where the internal correlations
are greater and greater range of distances. And this is reflected in their
properties that are anisotropicas and discontinuous. Tend to appear as pure
entities, homogeneous and with defined geometric shapes (habits) when they are
well trained[xv].
The crystals are
distinguished from amorphous solids, not only by its regular geometry, but also
by the anisotropy of their properties (they are not the same in all directions)
and by the existence of elements of symmetry[xvi].
The behavior of light
in a crystal is primarily controlled by the crystal structure. In this sense
the most important property of a crystal is the refractive index (n), which is
determined with respect to the air.
The refractive index
of the air (Vv/V) to the pressure level of the sea is 1.00029 indicating that
the speed of light in air is weakly less than its speed in a vacuum. Normally
this value is set equal to 1 and all of the values of indices of refraction of
the crystals will be higher than this value as the light diminishes its speed
when entering them. Most of the mineral crystals have refractive indices
between 1.32 and 2.40[xvii].
The relationship
between the incident Ray and the refracted Ray paths were determined by Snell's
law (1621): being ni and nr the indices of refraction of each medium and sen i
and sen r sinuses of the angles of incidence and refraction with the normal.
As well, the
trajectory of light during this process of refraction caused by change of means
(e.g. , air/crystal) is determined by the Law of Snell, with ni = 1 (air): nr =
sen i / sen r[xviii].
The crystals can also
be studied by x-ray diffraction; x-ray diffraction is the physical phenomenon
which manifests the fundamental interaction of the x-ray radiation with
crystals (the orderly matter). However, to be able to describe the phenomenon,
it is recommended that you previously some physical models that, like all the
models, they do not explain fully the reality, they are an idealization of the
same, but we serve to understand the phenomenon[xix].
According to quantum
mechanics, a material will be transparent to certain wavelength when in his
scheme of energy levels there is no difference of energy that corresponds to
that wavelength. Well, the air and the glass is transparent, because in their
schemes of energy levels (or bands of energy, respectively) there is no
difference in energy of the order of the visible light[xx].
What is the
anisotropy? (Opposite of isotropy) is the general property of matter according
to which qualities as: elasticity, temperature, conductivity, speed of
propagation of the light, etc., vary depending on the direction in which they
are examined. Something anisotropic may present different characteristics
depending on the direction. The anisotropy of the material is most pronounced
in the crystalline solids, due to its atomic structure and molecular regular[xxi].
In a more general
sense, refers to anisotropy when there is any change of scale of a figure or a
body, as in a graph x - and with different factors (or depending on a function)
in each coordinate.
Results;
1.
The name of dark matter is the
name that has been designated to everything that astronomers cannot see or
detect directly because it does not emit enough electromagnetic radiation to be
detected with current technical means.
The behavior of light
in a crystal is primarily controlled by the crystal structure, and the main
feature of the crystals is its low refractive index of light, which in the
ground is between 1.32 and 2.40. But in the vacuum of space this level
decreases making them invisible to telescopes on Earth and almost invisible to
the located in the space, and that you have to add the great distances of
space.
The business of
mapmaking is complicated when the stuff being mapped is invisible and millions
of light years away. To spot dark matter, astrophysicists must pick out
distortions - caused by dark matter's gravitational "lensing" of
passing light - within very accurate images.
The distortions are
much smaller than the warping of light by our own atmosphere, and even the irregularities
added by the telescope itself. So those quantities first have to be subtracted.
"Most of the
hard work goes into trying to remove those effects, to be able to uncover the
gravitational lensing effect underneath,"Prof Bridle said[xxii].
2.
The feature of the dark matter and what they can
know the scientists that exists is from the gravitational effects it causes in
visible matter, and its main effect qualified of gravitational lens is the best
way of the study of dark matter.
Example;
But the water
crystals can also mimic this effect and an example was a natural phenomenon
produced in Taiwan;
Example;
3.
Another way to infer the existence of dark
matter also we can see in the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background
present in the universe.
The crystalline state
of matter is the higher-order, that is, the one where the internal correlations
are greater and greater range of distances. And this is reflected in their
properties that are anisotropicas and discontinuous.
For this reason, the
anisotropy of the material is most pronounced in the crystalline solids, due to
its atomic structure and molecular regular.
4.
The General Theory of the Relativity of Albert
Einstein. It was verified by Two British expeditions that they observed, during
a solar eclipse with the atmosphere of for way, that the gravity of the Sun
curving the light of stars who were behind, as predicted by Einstein. For this
reason, they seem to be displaced in the firmament.
Water crystals are
formed in the atmosphere, when the hot air that contains water vapor rises. The
temperature of the atmosphere decreases an average of 0.6 °C per 100 m. Upon
arrival in colder areas the water vapor condenses to form clouds (of water
droplets or ice crystals).The which diffract the light, producing the optical
phenomena similar to those of the gravity of the theory of the relativity.
5.
According to Dr. C. L. Poor, "The
mathematical formula which Einstein calculated the deflection of the sun's rays
interns on the edge of the sun, it is a well-known formula of optics".
The retractions of
the light by the crystals cause optical effects, which are studied by the
mathematical formulas of the optics.
Conclusion;
As conclusion we can
say that the known characteristics of dark matter as they are; invisibility to
the technical means used by scientists, the effect of gravitational lens that
presents and anisotropy in the cosmic background microwave of the universe, all
are reproduced perfectly in the natural characteristics of the water crystals,
also the measurements to verify the effects of light by gravity, Themselves the
way in which measurements were made that verified the effects of light by
gravity, taking water crystals in the atmosphere, producing the same
effects, and the mathematical formula of
optical phenomena with which gravity data were processed, takes us to the final
conclusion that the relationship of the dark matter with water crystals, are
not a coincidence of nature, but a double explanation of the same optical
effect produced by the water crystals.
According to this we can say, that when in a new theory of nature, if taken borrowed the formulas math, or are equal to phenomena already known, it will end up being a double explanation of the same physical phenomenon.
References;
[i] Организират конференция, посветена на родения във Варна астроном Фриц
Цвики» (en bulgarian). Днес+. 13-02-2008. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky
[ii] http://www.fcaglp.unlp.edu.ar/~scellone/Divul/MatOsc/MatOsc.html
[iii] http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia_oscura
[iv]
http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology-news/newsid=38955.php
[v] http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2009/05/29/ciencias/a02n1cie
[vi] http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2009/05/29/ciencias/a02n1cie
[x] http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal
[xi] http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humedad
[xiv] http://reference.iucr.org/dictionary/Crystal
[xv] http://www.xtal.iqfr.csic.es/Cristalografia/
[xvi] http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal
[xvii] http://www.uned.es/cristamine/crist_opt/cropt_luz_crist.htm#Ley
de Snell
[xviii] http://www.uned.es/cristamine/crist_opt/cropt_luz_crist.htm#Ley
de Snell
[xix] http://www.xtal.iqfr.csic.es/Cristalografia/
[xx] http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparencia
[xxi] http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisotrop%C3%ADa
[xxii]
http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-32284995
